任务目标 Operations Security Impact On
1998年2月13日
解密管理
国防部Produced By
Booz Allen＆Hamilton Inc.
900 Elkridge Landing Road
Linthicum，MD 21090进行分析研究以确定与第12958号行政命令规定的解密活动相关的任何操作安全性（OPSEC）。
Background
Executive Order 12958effectively changes the way federal agencies manage classified national security information. It is intended to reduce the amount of information that is classified; places limits on the length of time it remains classified and facilitates the declassification of information. It sets in motion a five year time limit (April 1995 - April 2000) within which all classified information more than 25 years old and judged to be of permanent historical value shall be reviewed for declassification and declassified unless it meets certain definitive exemption criteria. All material not meeting the exemption criteria will be automatically declassified�whether or not the records have been reviewed.
Methodology
To fulfill the task objective the study was to be conducted in the following parts:
gathe隐含在这种方法是信息ring on records management activities within DoD, the actual accession process used by NARA, methods used in agency and NARA declassification, sampling techniques, release dates, etc. A decision was made to first determine if there was an OPSEC problem with the materials prior to expending effort on a detailed review of what could have been a non-problem. Although this initially hampered a clear understanding of the procedures in use, it in fact added more validity to the data collection. The researcher had no special edge or inside knowledge at NARA, and could thus recreate data acquisition activities as experienced by any researcher with limited or no NARA experience. Any understanding of the system would initially be gleaned from publicly available educational materials, general Internet searches and whatever help a researcher could obtain in routine course from NARA personnel.
- Study DoD records which had been accessioned by the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA), declassified and made available to the public.
- 确定该版本引起的任何OPSEC是否涉及的任何OPSEC。例如，是在一个或一个多个记录组中发布多个文档，从多个机构中发布，当审查信息汇编揭示了需要额外保护的数据时，国家安全的关注点。
- 如果发现了OPSEC的问题，请根据当前的解密指南评估问题，并提出改善整体过程的建议。乐动冠军
Plan
可以考虑到大量的信息le and the finite number of hours for the task. a structured work plan was constructed. The plan design ensured both completeness and flexibility to deal with issues as they surfaced. Elements of the plan were:
Approach
- 有关解密问题的背景数据获取。乐动冠军（政府文件，客户讨论，互联网，图书馆研究）
- Original research at the National Archives in DoD records already available to the public.
- Attendance at Secretary of Energy Advisory Board Meeting.
- Discussions with NARA archival personnel during research.
- NARA，国防情报局和美国陆军的解密经理的访谈。
The underlying principle used in approaching the review of already released material was the application of OPSEC precepts to the problem. Operations security takes a systematic look from the adversary's viewpoint. For purposes of this study the threat chosen was information acquisition to assist proliferators and terrorists in the development/use of weapons of mass destruction (Nuclear, Chemical and Biological). This targeting was selected based on items of interest delineated in EO 12958 and DoD Directive 5200.30.
与模仿对抗性的观点相一致的是，需要保持开放性，以考虑按照美国标准被认为已过时的信息和技术。思考过程是，较新的大规模杀伤性武器的扩散剂通常是第三世界国家，其科学，后勤和管理支持系统是美国系统背后的几代人。但是，通过追求废弃的技术，他们继承了可能在技术上是粗略的东西，但被证明是有效的。在这种方法中，基于基本科学的编辑性科学数据，测试数据，组织和管理信息以及实施技术可以大大降低发展所需能力的成本，时间和技能，以成功获得大规模杀伤性能力的武器。
记录评论
Each agency of the government is assigned a number by NARA for identification purposes. This number is known as a Record Group. A researcher would therefore determine the Record Group of the agency and go about finding all available information on the identity and location of the records of interest in that Record Group. The key to record retrieval is obtaining availablefinding aids. The main NARA finding aid is a computer printout which lists the Record Group. the title of the file and the physical location within the archives building. This finding aid is extremely general in nature and one entry could cover hundreds of boxes of records with no clue as to the contents other than "decimal file". (See enclosures #l, 2, 3 and 4).
在研究的审查部分中检查了大约37立方英尺的记录。审查中使用了每立方英尺2500页的NARA估算值，其中包含了80,000多个单独的页面。检查了以下记录组中的文件。为了指出各种检查的记录，该系列的标题如Nara Master位置名册中列出，并提供了每个文档类型的摘要。
[Reviewed records are denoted with an "X" on the enclosure]. In some instances, more specific finding aids may be available for a particular group. However, there is no reliable way to predict the quality of the NARA finding aids before actually starting the physical search of the documents.
- RG 330- Office of the Secretary of Defense
=> MLR 160A: Secret Files, 1956 (Security Classified Administrative Correspondence)
=> MLR 207a：陆ReportsReports军，海军和空军部门进行的有关特殊调查的报告，1948 - 51年。
=> MLR 341A：有关组织，预算和研究开发分配的记录，1946- 1953年。
=> MLR 342: Transcripts of Meetings 1946-51. (Effects of Scientific Research on National Security).
=> Summary: Files on supply and logistics; mobilization and production requirements for U.S. forces (ships, planes, ammunition); consumption rates; cargo handling data; budget estimates; contractor expansion requests; agendas of meetings; verbatim transcripts of advisory board meetings.
- RG 373- 国防情报机构
=> MLR 1B: Edgewood Arsenal Technical Files Relating to Foreign Chemical. Radiological and Biological Warfare, Retired to the Defense Intelligence Agency for Reference Purposes.
=>摘要：基础科学研究的ReportsReports报告；ReportsReports有关传统武器的报告 - 日本武器和炸药；立陶宛瑞典的基础科学基础科学研究的翻译；天气动物血液的化学分析；小型武器，枪支，防毒面具和其他W.W.II ERA材料的技术分析。
- RG 374- 国防核机构
=> MLR 3: Records of Joint Task Force Two, 1965-1970.
=> MLR 22：检查与调查文件（1947-1951） - 武装部队特殊武器项目。
=> MLR 32A：武装部队特殊武器项目原木与期刊，1947- 1954年。
=> MLR 34A：武装部队特殊武器项目小数档案，1946-52。
=> Summary: IG files (non-classified) - cash counts; assignment and discrimination complaints; personnel administrative matters; medical treatment bills; personal service contracting data; supply inspections; reports of survey; pay vouchers; funding estimates; testing data on Loran and radars; cost data; wiring; annual contractor reports; computer time estimates: mathematical modeling of target acquisition tests for low altitude aircraft penetrations.
- RG 457- 国家安全局
=> MLR 9023：与密码学有关的美国陆军记录，1927- 1985年。
=>摘要：关于W.W.II敌方估计盟军优势的报告的分析和摘要；ReportsReports密码学的一般文章；技术手册和行政笔记。
General
尺寸
The sheer amount of available text material within NARA is mind boggling. NARA estimates that it currently maintains 21 million cubic feet of material in its facilities. TheMoynihan关于保密的报告估计，所有国防部（包括组件服务）的所有国防部拥有25年历史的十亿页材料，并受到行政命令12958的约束。此估计不包括图片，录音或电子数据。
Internet
Just as the Internet has entwined itself in our society and altered the flow of information sharing in ways that are still becoming clear, it has also played an equally important role in the government secrecy/declassification arena. This has manifested itself in the following areas:
- 信息的可用性。扫描技术，数字处理和光学特征识别（OCR）的进步可确保全球信息的快速传播。随着材料被解密的速度，它被放置在互联网上，所有人都可以使用。过去仅在一些学术研究人员挖掘纸上的一些学术研究人员中，信息时代是过去的。传播现在是自由而迅速的。
- 副本或信息的多样性。致力于政府保密，敏感的政府计划和解密问题的地点数量是巨大的，而且不断扩大。乐动冠军这些站点由美国政府机构，大学，学术研究组织，个人，团体和商业实体托管。外壳＃5是互联网上可用的NARA发现辅助工具。外壳＃6是清理卫星照片的清单，包括任务摘要和定位数据。外壳＃7是一个化学战（CW）网站，充满了CW代理的化合物数据。外壳＃8是核，化学和生物（NBC）站点的热链接列表，该地点是通过网络搜索搜索解密的美国国防信息而产生的。外壳＃9是信息经纪人出售CD-ROM索引和相关摘要辩护文档摘要的网页。具有Internet访问的任何人都可以使用精致的搜索引擎，可以保证相关链接的网站几乎无尽的供应。
- Cost Savings. The ability to conduct significant research without leaving your home or place of business is a significant capability for the individuals or organizations who are performing research activities. The cost savings are not just monetary, although those are significant, but also the saving of time and manpower that was previously required to compile the data. Essentially the Internet is now allowing individuals to conduct relatively sophisticated open source analyses in relatively short periods of time.
发现1
Information contained in four declassified documents raises OPSEC concerns. The four documents are listed below.所有这些文件均由DOE，DOD和/或NARA审稿人进行了审查。在这些情况下，审阅者对解密参数的看法过高。在这四个文档中，只有12个封面已编辑任何材料。在大多数编辑材料中，这种缺失似乎是吨位或船体压力故障率的一个数字。与文本中的各个信息相反，各种审阅者似乎没有考虑整个文档的影响。从OPSEC或对抗性的角度来看这些文件表明，当在总体中获取这些文件时，这些文件提供了一个名副其实的“如何”组织文件，以建立核武器测试计划。
- Weapons Effects Test Program for Operation UPSHOT and KNOTHOLE[Enclosure #10]
- A. W. A. W.船舶对策的证明测试[外壳＃11]
- Pelican Report[外壳＃12]
- 拟议的项目摘要：城堡行动[Enclosure #13].
A major problem in the development of weapons of mass destruction is procuring the organizational acumen necessary to achieve successful weaponization. Having the actual knowledge of the actual basic formulae is, in most cases, commonly known. One measurement of this is the incredibly complex logistical, organizational and test infrastructure and the necessarily long lead- and planning-times required for the development of weapons of mass destruction testing programs. Protecting the information which provides a basis for these test programs development may keep a potential proliferator at bay, or at least delay the time-line for the program development. This delay allows additional protective measures to be considered for implementation.
除了组织敏锐度之外，这些文件还列出了一个整洁的包装中的特定测试，材料和船舶修改，测量点，测量测量和拟议的实验程序。外壳＃12在一个地方包含大量武器特定的基础研究。此外，它命名了64个其他分类和未分类的文章/相关研究书籍。这里不仅在这里所有适当的研究和公式，而且还有其他报告清单的其他报告清单，既可以提供其他记录组的定位，又提供其他公开研究。ReportsReports尽管不应对基础科学进行分类，但必须以不同的方式评估武器特定材料的汇编。使事实复杂化的是现在可用的计算能力大量可用，当编写围栏12时无法使用。似乎很可能会根据所提供的研究和公式来完成大量的仿真测试。
所有文档都广泛提及其他原子测试镜头和程序的代码名称。仅专注于这些代码名称，尤其是在其他记录集团中，例如原子能委员会，国防核局，美国海军，美国空军，美国陆军等ReportsReports其他记录组。这种重点可以大大减少搜索参数，并在更少的时间内产生可行的结果。实际上，由于RG 374（DNA）文件中的先前名称，因此在RG 330（OSD）中发现了这些文档。尽管DNA记录组中的引用没有立即的智能值，但OPSEC方法（从对抗视图中查看总体中的事物）决定使用代码名称作为其他记录组的搜索参数。没有什么比铅笔清单更精致的，有时间进行搜索产生了结果。
发现2
OSD和组件防御组织将组织努力的水平用于实施EO 12958。但是，在此阶段的工作阶段，在紧密授权的时间范围内完成EO指令似乎是一项非常艰巨的任务。Considering the mountain of backlogged data, the string of various Executive Orders, classification/declassification policies and the relatively primitive state of records management in this backlog, the progress has been remarkable. From a zero ramp-up in late CY 1995, the various programs appear to be rapidly closing on viable methods for eventually accomplishing the task. However, with the amount of time available, it appears, there is a monumental challenge in front of the various organizations to even meet the spirit of the EO, much less meet the letter of the law.
On-site visits with Army and DIA, coupled with background data on Air Force, reveal an excellent start for the development of lateral relationships, utilization of computer and OCR technology, and innovative use of a mixture of civilian, military, contractor and reservist personnel. Each interviewee (identified at Appendix A) were appreciative of the OSD approach to concentrate on the policy level and to allow the separate agencies to solve the implementation problem from their level.
Observations
This effort provided a snapshot in time of one aspect of what DoD declassification personnel are facing. Numerous government panels and working groups are attempting to deal with the complex issues of implementation. It was not the purpose of this study to replicate any of those issues. Indeed, the system appears to have adapted within DoD and is moving towards mission completion, albeit not at a pace that will meet the goals of EO 12958.
但是有一定的成本。该计划已将大量资源（无论是美元还是人力）注入。这些资源一定是从其他活动中转移出来的。有前途的消息是，由于积压量被淘汰，新的生命周期分类系统开始生效，该系统应在三到五年内开始自我纠正。到那时，一个大量降低的（资源）系统应进行一致的工作流程。提供了以下观察结果：
1.正在进行的辩论中的一个问题是公众开放与保密问题。令人不安的方面是一些“利益相关者”，非防卫或多损害机构的趋势，仅作为开放性的问题之一。这不是国防部的选择。这个问题是合法的保密和不再需要分类的问题。美国公民受到任何其他国防部优先事项的不适。为了开放，解密决定主要需要在价值与对抗组织的副公开披露中进行评估。通过建立DOD解密管理的基础，OSD将得到很好的服务。
Recommendations2.为所有解密专家提供适当信息的努力是将OPSEC审查纳入DOD解密指南的基本基础的理想机会。从对手的角度看解密将为解密专家提供审查信息总数的方法。这项OPSEC审查将允许继续保护信息，该信息通过汇编各种可能并不有价值的小型信息来为对手提供关键信息。目前，将解密专家授予可用的分类和解密指南，并倾向于将这些信息视为非常有限的数据。对手的潜在价值需要成为指导的基石。
3. Similarly, the utilization of specific declassification methodologies (redaction and Pass/Fail review) need to be assessed. As noted in the previous finding, narrow point redaction can easily miss the real intelligence value of the totality of a document. Although redaction has a definite niche in very specific cases - i.e. narrow FOIA requests, it can lose its value by failing to consider the aggregate vice the pieces. Using a Pass/Fail declassification methodology keeps the totality of the information more in focus and has the added benefit of being much more cost effective to implement.
4. DoDD 5200.30 is dated. It is now 15 years old and given the new EO this may be an ideal time to revise and restructure. A key component of declassification is the matter of agency equities and how they are handled. As the components begin to consolidate, update and exchange their various program/activity declassification guides it becomes imperative that the guides be specific and readily available to all personnel, both inside and outside of DoD. It is especially critical for NARA and all the declassification specialists to have the latest DoD and component guidance.
5.国防部需要在整个部门解密策略中研究和评估互联网的使用。如前所述，互联网已成为整个保密/解密问题的组成部分。问题成为如何有效利用此工具来促进DOD解密目标。首先，国防部必须确定一系列明确的特定目标；评估互联网的优势和劣势，然后制定达到这些目标的策略。为了假设模型，假设国防部目标是：
=> Conduct a declassification review of all 25 year old material
基于这些目标，人们将评估互联网的优势和劣势。=>识别并隔离应保持分类的材料
=>解密并向公众提供不再需要保护的材料。
=> Manage FOIA reviews in the most cost effective manner
Strengths:
=> The use of the Internet provides a rapid and cost effective method for the dissemination of unclassified information.
弱点：=> The use of the Internet could reduce the unrestrained public appetite for "secrets" by providing good faith distraction material
=> The use of the Internet could channel public interest towards already appropriately declassified material and possibly lessen FOIA requests.
=>互联网的使用可能会产生反弹效应，并为更多的材料带来更加繁重的公众需求。通过提供可用材料的购物清单，可以促进更多的FOIA要求。
A strategy could then be devised by DoD and the components, based upon this evaluation, to implement a coherent and complimentary plan to achieve the declassification goals. For example:=> The use of the Internet could overwhelm the administrative system that processes inquiries. By providing documents that have been recently reviewed and declassified, it can magnify imperfections in the declassification system by making available declassified material out of historical context.
=>通过Internet可用的信息放大了解密系统的缺陷。例如，如果文档应以全文出现在网站上，但后来显示为已编辑文档，或者出于从另一个来源的分类原因拒绝发布，则将使整个系统受到质疑。
=> Openness: Discussion of balance between necessary secrecy and openness- i.e., continued classification of old nuclear test data to keep out of terrorist hands.
OSD的中心指导和组件的免费行动的紧密协调可以有效地增强DOD解密目标的实现。=> Diversion: List of interesting declassified material - i.e. Kennedy assassination data.
在th = >成本效益:提供推荐e website to available holdings at NARA. This would provide the researcher with valuable information and with a research direction that might prove very fruitful for them and potentially satisfy their requirement without taxing other parts of the system.
6. NARA的分类RG330记录应由OSD审查。尽管不是本研究的一部分，但应对该小组进行调查，然后进行对解密审查的风险管理方法。优选地，这应该在OSD主持下进行，以确保应用正确的重点和彻底性。
7. Finally, this study seems to confirm that a great deal of material can certainly be declassified within 25 years. Conversely, a small but significant amount may have to remain classified indefinitely. However, periodic reviews driven by viable threat and risk management techniques should be the only determinate for that decision. As shown above, some information, especially in the weapons of mass destruction category, does not lose its value over time. Indeed some of the least sophisticated and oldest material is precisely of more value to a potential proliferator or terrorist. It only has to work. The simpler the better, especially if your resources, scientific and logistical infrastructure is lacking.
1.更新DOD解密指南。包括当前的一般解密说明，其中包含OPSEC流程并促进通过/失败解密系统的应用，并继续强调更新和传播特定组件和项目解密指南，可确保有效的解密计划。
2.制定一项全面的计划，利用互联网来实现DOD解密目标。该计划应与组件协同制定，以确保统一的方法。
3. Provide current DoD direction for the declassification of specific subject areas. The directive DoDD 5200.30, provides basic guidelines to the declassification community. Currently the directive is being used to provide a first cut at what subject areas require further review by specific agency/organization declassification specialists. The inclusion of current general instructions into a restructured directive or into the DoD Declassification Plan and the continued emphasis on the various agencies/organizations to ensure current declassification guidance is available for the specific projects and programs is essential for effective declassification of material.
4.对NARA的解密和分类RG330记录进行审查。根据EO 2000年的规定，将对机密记录进行审查。建议对记录进行完整的审查。但是，认识到解密社区内的资源限制，对记录的统计可行采样，并且在整个审查过程中都解决了OPSEC的疑虑，将提供有关当前敏感信息无意间发布给公众的信息。这些知识将提供一种为解密专家提供有关如何在将来审查材料的更具体指导的方法，并允许特定的信息恢复控制，以最大程度地减少可能发生的损害。
概括
Declassification of information that no longer needs to be protected is an excellent objective. Indeed a very large amount of the material reviewed appeared to be of no use - intelligence or otherwise. The 85 to 95% declassification ratio mentioned in my background reading seemed to hold up. However that is to be expected in records that are 45 to 50 years old. This does not mean releasing information solely based on age or extremely narrow review criteria. Some information or collection of information, especially in the area of nuclear weapons, does not lose its value with the passage of time. Indeed some of the least sophisticated and oldest material may be of most value to a potential proliferator. For instance, according to the能源咨询委员会部长Doe（1997）, the Iraqi nuclear program was based on obsolete U.S. 1940's technology.
鉴于以上所有内容，我们需要牢记某些事实。
- Some material, no matter how old, deserves to remain protected.
- 随着我们遵守要审查的材料时间表，85％至95％的解密比率可能会下降。这仅仅是与现在有关的问题。
- 以OPSEC为导向的解密管理方法将显着增强该计划。解密专家应从对手的角度审查文件，并考虑对手需要哪些信息才能有效提高其目标。
附录A。 马里兰州大学公园的国家档案与记录管理局记录解密司司令总监让·舒布尔（Jean Schauble）。Interviews
LTC Gary Moore，美国陆军解密活动的运营官，弗吉尼亚州阿灵顿。
[删除了国防情报机构的一名受访者的名字]