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Sealift

“战略是为了打动剧情的剧情；战术是由玩家的角色代表的；物流提供了舞台管理，配饰和维护。受众，对戏剧的动作和表演者的艺术感到兴奋，忽略了舞台管理的所有巧妙隐藏的细节”

LtCol George C. Thorpe,纯物流（1917）

“我不知道马歇尔一直在谈论这个物流到底是什么，但我想要一些。”

Fleet Admiral E. J. King to a staff officer (1942)

第二次世界大战之后，主要的战略密封任务是迅速将男子和设备迅速转移到欧洲，以防止苏联/华沙协定攻击。中央阵线位于3600英里外，Sealift将由600多艘北约商船和一个活跃的美国商人舰队提供，截至1978年，仍有578艘主要的船只。在接下来的12年中，这578艘船在367艘船中下降至367。1970年代后期，伊朗危机和苏联入侵阿富汗的重点是发展快速部署部队，除了欧洲持续的北约任务外，除了在欧洲持续的任务外，还要对遥远地区（例如西南亚）的意外事件做出反应。

The Navy's Military Sealift Command (MSC) provides ocean transportation for DoD cargo and U.S. forces around the world. More than 70 strategic sealift ships transport military equipment, supplies and petroleum to support U.S. forces overseas. This number is expandable and includes both government and privately-owned vessels � mainly tankers and dry cargo ships. In peacetime, more than 95 percent of DoD cargo is transported on US flag ships. MSC is able to provide rapid, sustained response in a changing world with three operational strategies � prepositioning, surge and sustainment sealift.

Prepositioning involves having necessary logistical support aboard ships that are strategically located near potential crisis areas.
Surge shipping is the transportation of critically needed military equipment such as tanks, trucks, armored vehicles and helicopters in the early stages of a contingency.
维持运输将供应管道维持在海外持续存在所必需的军备，食物和其他物资。

使用SealIft有几个优点。单位单位，船只的运输能力高于飞机。船还可以携带重型或大型设备。船可以在预计威胁区附近的海上预处理。他们不需要过高的权利，距土地超过12英里的水是免费的。一个缺点是大多数Sealift机队缺乏速度。一些车队还需要良好的港口设施将其货物转移到岸上。Sealift船几乎没有防御能力。他们还严重依靠平民运输线和劳动力。

看着一个名义4000海里的场景comparing equal-cost ($20 million) lift forces [C-17s and the new large medium-speed roll-on/roll-off (RO/RO) ships] and assuming no prepositioned ships in the theater, airlift could deliver 72,000 tons of cargo in 36 days. Sealift, on the other hand, could deliver 3,960,000 tons in the same 36 days.

Military Sealift Command ships' noncombatant status makes them less costly to operate than combatant Navy ships. Traditional Navy ships are combatant vessels, meaning they have weapons aboard and are potential targets of enemy fire. As such, they must carry large crews to operate the weapons systems aboard and to protect the ships should they be damaged in battle. MSC ships are noncombatant vessels, operating behind the battle line, and are not considered likely targets of enemy fire. Their noncombatant status enables MSC ships such as the Lummus to maintain an average crew size of less than 40 while Navy ships of similar size generally have crews in the hundreds. MSC ships' merchant mariner crewmembers can also be hired as necessary, while the Navy, even in peacetime, must employ a large number of Navy combatant personnel in case of war. The skill levels of MSC's merchant mariners also enable MSC ships to operate with smaller crews.

一段时间以来，国际和海上贸易的增长是世界经济速度的两倍。大型商船是洲际和沿海运输的最灵活，最具成本效益的模式。越来越多的新市场和新资源在海外发现。随着世界从脱节的国家和地区经济的集合发展为一个全球链接的经济，高海上的商业过境自由以及海峡和其他导航障碍点变得越来越重要。同时，在危机时，军队在国外做出回应的能力需要海豹和后勤支持，只有美国商人舰队才能提供。美国必须确保一个可行的海上工业基础，以满足其商业和军事要求。这是在National Security Directive28:

"The U.S. national sealift objective is to ensure that sufficient military and civil maritime resources will be available to meet defense deployment and essential economic requirements in support of our national security strategy. The Department of Defense will determine the requirements for sealift of deploying forces, follow-on supply and sustainment, shipbuilding and ship repair. In coordination with the Department of Defense, the Department of Transportation will determine the capacity of our merchant marine industries to meet these requirements and to provide the sealift required to support the essential industrial activity during wartime."

National Security Directive28反映了海上武装部队，美国船长商船，乘员的商人海员与港口，造船厂和船舶维修设施的商业海事工业基地之间的联系。从殖民时代开始扮演至关重要的国家安全角色，美国商人海军陆战队通常被称为美国国防的另一部门。

1992年的移动性需求研究，1995年的自下而上的审查和1997年的四年制国防审查重申了“国防部署”的要求。为了将美军在海外部署并补给它们，美国商人海军陆战队向政府拥有的支援船提供了美国 - 旗的公民拖船商业船只和平民船员。这些密封资产约占在和平时期和危机时期支持军事要求的所有吨位的95％。超过4,800名平民水手队船员拥有200艘具有军事特征的商业船只，这些船只包括在漂流介词部队，快速的密封船，现成的储备金船，海上安全舰队和海军机队辅助部队中。这些密封船中的一半以上被积极部署或在全球范围内从事商业服务。

最终国家设想了支持一场重大剧院战争（MTW）的战略空运和Sealift资产，这是基于移动性需求研究的结果研究自下而上的审查更新（MRS Buru）。在设想的未来威胁环境的最远达到最远的位置，这套单一的MTW提升资产集是中等风险运输解决方案所需的最低要求。Sealift能力主要是通过用新的大型[容量]，中速滚动/滚动船代替较小的老化船只来增长。LMSR为陆军的临时介词计划提供了平台，并为激增舰队增加了大量的平方英尺。此外，海军陆战队正在向其海上介绍船计划增加3艘RO/RO船，使总数达到16。DOD迅速闭合到所需的浪涌容量（1000万平方英尺）的550K平方英尺以内，以移动部队一场大型剧院战争（MTW）所需的。

Strategic Sealift Force

战略密封力船是地方防御和其他支撑部队的一部分。这力量包括

海上介绍船(MPS) (MSC, long-term charter-RO/RO ships) and Prepositioning Ships (PREPOs) include MSC, chartered-barge carriers, partial containers, semisubmersible, freighters, tankers, and transport oilers,
快速密封船（FSS）（AKR 287类）（EX-SL 7原型）（MSC，车辆货物）
其他船舶，包括海洋运输，医院船（AH 19级）和航空往来支持（AVB）船。

上空的介词力

The Military Sealift Command (MSC) Prepositioning Program provides operationally ready ships to the military services and the Defense Logistics Agency. At the end of 1999, MSC�s Afloat Prepositioning Force consisted of 37 ships, with 35 operating at prepositioning sites in the Mediterranean Sea, Diego Garcia in the Indian Ocean and Guam in the western Pacific. The Afloat Prepositioning Force is divided into three parts:

为美国海军陆战队运营的海事介词船；
Combat Prepositioning Ships operated for the U.S. Army;
物流介绍船舶为美国海军，空军和国防物流局运营。

1 - Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS)

Thirteen MSC prepositioning ships are specially configured to transport supplies for the US Marine Corps. Known as the Maritime Prepositioning Force, the 13 ships were built or modified in the mid-1980s and are on location in the western Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The 13 Maritime Prepositioning Ships, or MPS, contain nearly everything the Marines need for initial military operations -- from tanks and ammunition to food and fuel to spare parts and engine oil.

在接下来的几年中，每个中队还将增加一个海上介绍力容器。与目前的船只不同的是长期宪章的船只 - 海上介绍部队（增强）船只或MPF（E）将是承包商雇用的水手队船员的美国政府拥有的船只。

CLASS SHIP NAMEmpsron-1：地中海AK 3005 AK 3006 PFC E. A. A. ObregonAK 3005 AK 3005 SGT MATEJ KOCAKAK 3005 AK 3007 Maj S. W. PlessAK 3008 AK 3008 2ND LT JOHN P. BOBOAK 3015 AK 3015 1st Lt Harry L. MartinMPSRON-2 : Home Port: Diego GarciaAK 3000 AK 3000 CPL L. HAUGE, JRAK 3000 AK 3001 PFC William B. BaughAK 3000 AK 3002 PFC J. Anderson，JrAK 3000 AK 3003 1st Lt A. BonnymanAK 3000 AK 3004 PVT FRANKLIN J. PHILLIPSAK 3015 AK 3017 ??MPSRON-3 : Home Port: GuamAK 3008 AK 3009 PFC D. T. WILLIAMSAK 3008 AK 3010 1ST LT B. LOPEZAK 3008 AK 3011 1ST LT JACK LUMMUSAK 3008 AK 3012 SGT W.R.按钮AK 3015 AK 3016 LCPL ROY小麦

国会议员分为三个中队，每个中队由海军队长指挥。国会议员中队通常位于大西洋或地中海，有五艘船。国会议员中队2，通常位于迭戈·加西亚（Diego Garcia），有五艘船。通常在关岛/塞班岛地区的三名国会议员中队有五艘船。

每个国会议员中队都有足够的设备和供应，可维持17,000名海军陆战队空气地面特遣部队人员长达30天。每艘船都可以使用较轻的船上载有钢铁侧或锚定在近海时。这种能力使海军陆战队具有在世界发达和欠发达地区的运作能力。

Partial list of a sample loadout of the four MPSRON One ships数量项目520万加仑的货物燃料2,174磅重50,000磅的货物容器76拖曳导弹发射器24轻型装甲车（LAV）105次两栖攻击车辆（AAV）30辆战车（M1A1）30 155mm榴弹炮123电气生成器123电气发电机1野电1菲尔德医院（200床）（200床）14 50,000磅的容器处理机8 25吨起重机16 7.5吨起重机47泛光灯套件7战术机场机场燃料分配系统6机动道路级别4车轮刮刀跟踪器104 3,000 3,000加仑可折叠式式织物罐50拖拉机50拖拉机（各种类型）107叉车（各种叉车多种类型）41反渗透净水装置203货运拖车89个动力拖车（各种类型）282 5吨货车42 5吨自卸卡车22 5吨破坏卡车530货运/部队载体（HMMWV）

海军 - USMC海事介词计划始于1970年代后期，这是由于DOD战略流动性增强计划，以改善SWA意外事件的响应时间。直到1980年代中期达到了全面的海上介词（MPF）能力（特别建造或转换的船舶）之前，在1980年创建了一种称为近期介绍船（NTP）的临时措施，以提供初始响应能力。NTPS船到1980年7月之前就在迭戈·加西亚（Diego Garcia）的车站，其中包含了USMC旅的设备和30天的物资。到1985年初，专门为海军建造或转换的第一艘组合RO/RO和Breakbulk船已被委托，并装有介绍的车辆，设备和用品。到1987年，已经任命了三个中队的13艘船，并被平民船员组成，装载和部署。这些船只不仅仅是漂浮的仓库。这三艘船中的每艘船都载有海军远征旅（MEB）的设备，以及至少30天的供应维持。中队与特定的MEB相关联，以确保有效的计划和培训。MPS-1与第六MEB相关，并驻扎在北卡罗来纳州Lejeune营地，被部署在西大西洋。MPS-2与加利福尼亚的第7 MEB相关，锚定在迭戈·加西亚（Diego Garcia）； and MPS-3, associated with the Hawaii-based 1st MEB, was home ported at Guam and Saipan. Together, each squadron and its associated MEB become an MPF.

The MPF concept performed largely as expected during the Persian Gulf War, due to an aggressive training, exercise, and maintenance program carried out during the 1980s. Exercises had established planning goals of about 250 strategic airlift sorties to deploy a MEB; this figure was confirmed by the 7th MEB, which deployed to Saudi Arabia using 259 sorties. (The additional nine sorties reflected the addition of an infantry battalion and more helicopter antitank assets to the MEB.) The expected time of 10 days to unload ships and marry equipment with arriving units was met by all three MPFs. In fact, 7th MEB combat elements occupied defensive positions near Al-Jubayl in August within four days of their arrival. The only problem encountered during initial deployment of the 7th MEB centered on refueling support to Marine fixed-wing aircraft flying from CONUS, which competed for scarce assets with other Service aircraft. Elements of 1st MEB and ll MEF, although deployed using MPF concepts, did not do so as complete units. Instead, their air, ground, and logistics elements were deployed and integrated into I MEF as they arrived, drawing their equipment from their associated MPS ships.

1999年，国会议员中队一号船只在地中海临时介绍，参加了锻炼的北极光和鲨鱼。北极光在北大西洋的危机 - 响应行动中行使了北约海上军队的跨国公司。鲨鱼在一个非常具有挑战性的地中海声学环境中验证了美国单位的熟练程度。

1999年10月和11月，国会议员中队两艘船MV Hauge参加了运动明亮的明星。该练习旨在改善联合行动期间联盟力量之间的互操作性。Hauge的参与包括在这11个国家练习期间使用船只的部分下载。

国会议员中队在1999年分配给关岛和塞班岛的三艘船参加了一系列舰队支持和训练行动。该船还部署到澳大利亚的格拉德斯通，进行了crococodile 99，展示了国会议员的多功能性并确认了各种Pierside，Pierside，Pierside，Pierside，Pierside，Pierside，Pierside，corkodield在锚固和液体货物下，这些船的能力。这些船还参加了Tafakula 99练习，促进了美国与汤加海军之间的关系。

2-战斗介绍船

陆军介绍载流（APA） /战斗介绍力[CPF]战斗介词[Prepo] Faploat由军事密封司令部（MSC）的船舶前置前的船只（APF）组成。APF固有的灵活性使该力是联合操作计划中的关键要素；APF能够支持整个军事行动的计划。APF运输上的预位货物包括提供人道主义援助，以食品口粮，医疗用品，可居住性套装（即帐篷），饮用水机械，工程师支持设备和运动运输方式提供人道主义援助。为了使战斗剧院早期发挥作战，诸如坦克和炮兵之类的其他设备已预先放置。APF的要素可能会暂时移动到接近潜在的就业领域的位置，要么在不断发展的危机期间发出国家决心，要么在决定部署决定性力量的决定后及时提供供应和设备。

国防部（DOD）维持了供应和设备的库存，称为战争储备，以支持战争或动员期间的军事部队。空运或Sealift根据需要分配存储在美国大陆内的战争储备。战争储备还存储在海外或潜在冲突地区附近的海外或船舶上。通过介绍战争储备在海外，美国军事力量有能力迅速对偶然性做出反应。例如，在1990年8月波斯湾战争部署开始时，船上的设备和用品比从美国密封的船只更快地到达剧院。当时，陆军的介词舰队由四艘船组成，主要用于携带弹药和港口处理设备。

所有陆军战争储备(心田)和预装的停下来cks are managed by the Army Materiel Command (AMC), Alexandria, Virginia, with the Army Industrial Operations Command (IOC), Rock Island, Illinois, serving as AMC's management agent. Placing all five geographic sets of AWR under central management in October 1994, implemented one of the lessons learned from Operation Desert Storm. Previously, war reserve materiel was managed by theater commanders in chief. That allowed little flexibility in transferring stocks from one theater to another. In the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO's) central region "pre-positioning of materiel configured to unit sets," or POMCUS, made it easy for units from the United States to deploy to Europe and then draw their equipment. POMCUS was a key feature of the Reforger (return of forces to Germany) exercises. What was formerly war reserves and POMCUS stocks are now combined into AWR stocks. As U.S. forces in Europe drew down, the Army reduced its stockage to four brigade sets of materiel, and reduced the number of storage locations for AWR materiel to four sites in the Netherlands -- Brunssum, Coevorden, Eygelshoven, and Vriezenveen -- and two others at Bettenbourg, Luxembourg, and Zutendaal, Belgium.

AWR的五个地理集被位于和管理如下 -

AWR-1

AWR-2

AWR-3

AWR-4

AWR-5

陆军战略流动计划（ASMP）支持陆军为基于美国大陆（CONUS）的陆军应急部队提供快速部署能力的战略。目前的国家军事战略要求前进，但主要依赖基于CONUS的应急部队。陆军只有四个部门驻扎在康努斯外面。其余的陆军部门部队驻扎在圆锥形中。陆军的全球介词战略要求7个介词旅（在中欧有两套，一个在意大利，一个在韩国，两个在SWA中，另一个是漂浮。）。ASMP是确保这些力具有可靠的功率投影能力的关键。

The ASMP Action Plan, published on 2 March 1993, resulted in the Army's developing the capability to provide a crisis response force of up to corps size with the following mobility standards:

A light or airborne brigade-size force to be inserted into a theater by C+4, with the remainder of that division to close not later than C+12. The force, including its personnel, equipment, and logistical support structure, would be transported largely by air.
一个漂浮的重型战斗大队，支持在剧院关闭，并准备在C+15的时间内战斗。
The Army Preposition Afloat [APA] brigade force would be a 2x2 heavy brigade: two armored and two mechanized battalions plus support. APA also provides theater-opening CS/CSS units and sustainment stocks for the first 30 days of contingency. This force would be organized into force modules tailored to meet the CINC's needs.
到C+30，两个重度分区 - 机械化步兵，装甲或空中攻击部队的组合，具体取决于剧院指挥官的优先事项，包括后勤支持结构，将在剧院中关闭。重力的设备将通过海上过境。
The remaining force-two divisions and support-would close by C+75.
航空运输将是所有应急部队人员的首选旅行方式。

为了使该计划取得成功，三个关键的移动性计划至关重要：快速密封运输，APA功能的创建以及基础架构和程序以及通过CONUS端口快速有效地部署部队所必需的基础架构和程序。

的一个关键方面ASMP是airli的继续支持ft and sealift acquisition programs. For airlift, this means support for building the Air Force's C-17 fleet to 120 aircraft as validated by the Mobility Requirements Study (MRS). For sealift, this means support for the acquisition of the nineteen large, medium-speed roll-on/roll-off (LMSR) ships and expansion of the Ready Reserve Force (RRF) roll-on/roll-off [ RORO] fleet to 36 ships as recommended by the MRS. Twenty-nine ROROs are in RRF status. Two more have been purchased and will be modified to RRF standards wuth FY96 funding. The last 5 ROROs were unfunded as of August 1995. The last 5 ROROs are unfunded.

在ASMP伞下，陆军选择扩大其上空的介词计划，不仅可以容纳MRS的指导飞行战斗旅，还可以容纳促进快速部署的通用设备和用品。在上空介词包中包括运输和开放设备，这些设备对部署单元至关重要，分期，卸载和向前移动。

AWR-3 ships carry a US Army Brigade Afloat along with Combat Service Support and Humanitarian Assistance cargo. As of late 1996 there were 12 Army PREPO ships deployed to USCINCPAC AOR as part of the Afloat Prepositioning Force (APF). These ships carry Army War Reserve Stocks No. 3 (AWR-3) cargo and consisted of seven RO/ROs carrying Army unit equipment. One Auxiliary Crane Ship (ACS), three LASH ships carrying ammunition, rations, and other non-ammunition cargo, and one Flo-Flo/Semisubmersible ship which carries Army port support equipment. In early 1997 this force was augmented byStrong Virginian, a lift-on/lift-off, multipurpose vessel that has a large 600-ton capacity cargo boom that allows it to lift extraordinarily heavy cargos. The ship carries small vessels such as utility landing craft and mechanized landing craft.

最终，构建或转换为大型中速RO/ROS（LMSR）将取代支持APA程序的RRF船。在1999财政年度，1998年12月1日，两名Watson-Class LMSR交付给了USNS SISLER，1999年7月13日将USNS DAHL运送到了USNS DAHL。班上第一艘船的Usns Bob Hope于1998年11月18日交付。鲍勃·霍普（Bob Hope）。西斯勒（Sisler）在安特卫普（Antwerp），比利时（Antwerp）收到了主要负担，并部署了他们的主要负担。达尔（Dahl）于2000年初在查尔斯顿（Charleston）和安特卫普（Antwerp）加载。

在1999财政年度结束时，CPS机队由14艘船组成：3艘转换LMSR，三个新的LMSR，两艘集装箱船，一艘重型船，一艘浮动/浮动船，一艘从该船中激活的起重机船现成的储备金和三艘弹药睫毛驳船船。到2001年，CPS机队最多将包括16艘船。

SS Green Harbour, SS Green Valley and MV Jeb Stuart are Lighter Aboard Ship (LASH) vessels stationed at the British Indian Ocean Territory of Diego Garcia. LASH stands for lighter aboard ship. These ships carry ammunition barges that are off-loaded by the ship�s crane and towed ashore by small tugs that are part of the LASH ship�s deck cargo. MV American Cormorant, SS Gopher State and MV Strong Virginian are the three ships containing the Army's Port Opening Package.
MV Sp5 Eric G Gibson and MV Ltc Calvin P Titus are two RO-RO/container ships currently under contract to MSC to support the Army's Prepositioning Program. They carry sustainment cargo, including rations, lubricants, medical supplies, repair parts and chemical defense equipment. Both are prepositioned in Guam.
Afloat Prepositioning Ship Squadron FOUR负责操作和法e support to non-combatant ships of the Military Sealift Command Afloat Prepositioning Program in the Arabian Gulf and Indian Ocean. These Navy-owned vessels preposition US military cargo at sea for the US Army. The squadron's mission is to provide swift and effective sea transportation of vital equipment and supplies to a designated area of operations. APSRON FOUR is an afloat staff of thirteen military personnel under the command of a US Navy Captain. The staff is embarked on one of the squadron's Afloat Prepositioning Ships. More than 400 additional personnel can embark the ships when conducting an Afloat Prepositioning Force operation. Staff members serve one-year tours in a continuously underway, forward-deployed status. The APSRON FOUR staff is generally located on Diego Garcia, an island in the central Indian Ocean. The APSRON FOUR ships operate in the Arabian Gulf/Indian Ocean area without a permanent homeport in that area. The Combat Prepositioning Force includes six large, medium speed, roll-on/roll-off (LMSR) vessels sited in the Arabian Gulf at Manama, Bahrain. Four of these vessels contain combat equipment, while the rest are loaded with support/sustainment vehicles and cargo. During 2000 and 2001 two more LMSRs will join the Combat Prepositioning Force.

3 - Logistics Prepositioning Ships

LPS计划在全球范围内为美国海军，国防物流局和美国空军运营八艘预设船。军事密封司令部拥有驻扎在迭戈·加西亚（Diego Garcia）和关岛/塞班岛（Guam/Saipan）的MARAD CHARGERES船和Marad Ready Reserve Force（RRF）的运营控制，以支持美国陆军，空军和海军要求。

US Air Force (USAF) Sponsored PREPO Logistics Prepositioning Ships两艘预船，一个睫毛和一个断裂的船，携带美国空军弹药。组合滚动/滚动/集装箱船MV Buffalo士兵和MV Maj Bernard F. Fisher位于迭戈·加西亚（Diego Garcia）的MPS中队两人的运营控制下。第三艘空军船MV上尉史蒂文·贝内特（Steven L. Bennett）在98财年第一季度开始了她的介词服务[取代AK 1005 AUSTRAL RAINBOW]并在国会议员中队的运营控制下在地中海运营。

CLASS SHIP NAMEAK 2222 AK 9301 BUFFALO SOLDIERT-AK 4296 T-AK 4296史蒂文·L·贝内特上尉T-AK 4296 T-AK 4396少校Bernard F. Fisher

US Navy (USN) Sponsored PREPO Logistics Prepositioning ShipsThe Navy uses the chartered breakbulk ship MV Green Ridge to rotate fleet prepositioned hospitals. The ship also is loaded with a 500-bed combat tactical zone US Navy fleet hospital, which supports a U.S. Marine Corps requirement for medical treatment ashore. This cargo is stored in ISO units within controlled temperature/humidity limits. For Navy prepositioning, MSC operates the Navy's first modular cargo delivery system (MCDS) vessel, SS CAPE JACOB, at Diego Garcia. The vessel, an activated Ready Reserve Force break bulk ship, carries Navy Ordnance and also has the capability to operate as a shuttle replenishment ship for naval battle groups.

CLASS SHIP NAMET-AK 5029 T-AK 5029 Cape JacobT-AK 9655 T-AK 9655绿色山脊

国防燃油供应中心（DFSC）物流预定船有三个携带石油（POL）产品的预货油产品作为DFSC的介绍战争储备计划的一部分。这些油轮中有两个配备了近海石油排放系统（OPD），并能够在pol的河流排放中。RRF船SS Chesapeake在2000年激活并取代了SSPotomac。第三艘Prepo Tanker是USNS Henry J. Kaiser（T-AO 187），并且能够通过额外的Manning和Rig Activation进行控制台操作。

CLASS SHIP NAMET-AO 187 T-AO 187 Henry J. Kaiser
     
      T-AOT 181 POTOMAC
     T-AOT 5075彼得斯堡T-AOT 5084切萨皮克

浪涌密封

�Surge� includes ships from the US Transportation Command (USTRANSCOM)-controlled fleet; for example, the Fast Sealift Ships (FSS), the Ready Reserve Force (RRF), Large, Medium Speed Roll-On/Roll-Off (RO/RO) (LMSR) vessels, and the commercial market (when contracted by USTRANSCOM for support of US forces). Surge shipping delivers the heavy combat power and accompanying supplies in order to facilitate the deployment of predominantly continental US (CONUS) based forces to anywhere in the world.

大型中速RO/ROS（LMSR）由于在波斯湾战争期间证明了临时介词是成功的，因此国防部的1992年1月的移动性要求研究确定了军队需要在船上介绍额外战斗，战斗支持以及战斗服务支持设备和用品。这些要求包括支持军队在75天内部署重型军的目标，以响应东北和西南亚的情况。该研究确定了在1998财政年度之前额外增加300万平方英尺的电涌能力和200万平方英尺的介词能力。该研究建议DOD收购20艘LMSR船只，9艘用于介词和11次用于满足这一要求的需求。

在其最新的需求研究中 - 1995年的移动性需求研究自下而上的评论更新 - DOD验证了该研究的建议，并加强了工作人员联合负责人购买19艘LMSR船并建立了1000万平方英尺的要求电涌容量和400万平方英尺的介词能力，总容量为1400万平方英尺。

The Army is currently transferring equipment aboard seven roll-on/roll-off ships to five larger temporary ships and then ultimately to eight new Large Medium-Speed Roll-On/Roll-Off ships by 2000. These prepositioning ships have been designed to provide a better controlled-humidity environment below deck, which should help reduce the deterioration of equipment while stored aboard the ships. These eight LMSR ships will provide about 2 million square feet of cargo capacity to preposition Army equipment for heavy forces and support units, nearly 50 percent of DOD afloat prepositioning requirements. The remaining 11 LMSR ships will move equipment quickly from the United States to areas of conflict.

Merchant Marine

美国商人海军陆战队是国防的重要组成部分。它增加了满足国防要求所需的基本密封能力。在以前的冲突期间获得的经验强调了海军协调与海事行业的所有领域的重要性。

运输部的海事管理部门被控确保可行的美国海洋和海事行业满足国家安全需求。海事管理与海军合作，支持旨在维持海上基础设施的计划，包括海上教育和培训；国防特征和XI贷款；运营差别补贴和海上安全协议；以及技术和工业过程的发展。不活跃的战略密封船位于美国和海外的位置，并能够在4到20天内被激活。4或5天准备的所有船只都有一群平民船员。这些船只已经证明了它们在支持沙漠盾牌和沙漠风暴，索马里，海地和波斯尼亚的国防部署方面的价值。

国防军舰队

国防储备队（NRDF）在马拉德（Marad）的拘留下，是基本商人设计类型船只的不活动储备，可以在20-120天内激活，以满足国家紧急情况期间美国的运输要求。大约100艘船组成的机队主要由第二次世界大战的商船组成，可用于军事和非军事紧急情况，例如商业运输危机。NDRF的船只位于三个舰队站点 - 弗吉尼亚州詹姆斯河（东海岸），德克萨斯州博蒙特（墨西哥湾海岸）和加利福尼亚州苏珊湾（西海岸）。马拉德（Marad）在海军上保留了海军辅助机构在舰队中维持海军辅助机构。

基本商人设计的不活跃海军船只，包括两栖力的船只，排除了马拉德（Marad）的军事密封司令部动员状态（MSC）维护的船只，当海军繁忙条件下存在于NDRF中，可能会放置在海军船只不活动的情况下。设施（NISMF）。战舰，巡洋舰和遇难者或等待最终处置的飞机可以转移到马拉德（Marad）的位置。

In World War II, civilian-crewed U.S. cargo ships controlled by the War Shipping Administration carried about 75 percent of shipments from the United States. Total cargo lifted between December 7, 1941, and the capitulation of Japan was approximately 300.5 million short tons. The U.S.-flag merchant fleet also carried the great majority of military personnel and civilians moving overseas and returning to the United States during and after the war.

Approximately 31.5 million measurement tons of supplies were shipped from the United States to the Far East during the Korean War. About 95 percent of these supplies were shipped by sea, with 80 percent carried by privately owned U.S.-flag merchant ships, and 15 percent by Military Sea Transportation Service ships -- all crewed by civilian American citizen seafarers.

Privately owned U.S.-flag merchant ships delivered 65 percent of the dry cargo shipments to support American forces in Vietnam, and Government-owned ships carried the balance. The Maritime Administration activated 172 World War II era Victory ships from its National Defense Reserve Fleet. Some 15,000 U.S. citizen merchant mariners crewed the vessels. Cargoes totaled more than 85 million measurement tons.

NATIONAL DEFENSE RESERVE FLEET--September 30, 1995 ======================================================================= NDRF NDRF Non- Reimbursable HOME PORT Retention{1} Retention{2} Custody{3} Totals ======================================================================= James River Reserve Fleet Ft. Eustis, VA 37 33 37 107 Beaumont Reserve Fleet Beaumont, TX 39 8 4 51 Suisun Bay Reserve Fleet Benicia, CA 24 22 35 81 Other Locations {4} 55 2 0 57 ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Totals: 155 65 76 296 ======================================================================== 1 Vessel being maintained for emergency activations, for historic display, or for spare equipment. Number shown includes RRF ships. 2 Vessels pending disposal. 3 Vessels not in the NDRF program and owned by other government agencies or by the Title XI program. 4 Various outport locations within the continental United States. Three vessels are outported in Japan.

Ready Reserve Force (RRF)

The Ready Reserve Force (RRF) -- a government-owned, inactive fleet of former commercial ships of various types -- was created on 14 February 1977 specifically to enhance the readiness of sealift to respond rapidly in any contingency. The RRF (a quick response subset of the NDRF) is a select group of ships within the NDRF, which are relatively modern, highly militarily useful ships, rigorously maintained to meet Coast Guard and American Bureau of Shipping standards. The Ready Reserve Forceis the government's largest source of strategic sealift capability. RRF ships are berthed at Reserve Fleet sites located in James River, Virginia; Beaumont, Texas; Suisun Bay, California; and other locations in the United States and overseas. RRF ships are maintained in a readiness status such that they can be activated for service within 4, 5, 10, or 20 days after DOD requests them. The Department of Transportation, through the Maritime Administration (MarAd), manages and maintains the RRF ships, and DOD directs and controls operations once the ships have been activated. DOD's Transportation Command is responsible for DOD's RRF oversight and operational control.

Auxiliary Crane Ships T-ACS Break Bulk/LASH Ships T-AK Heavy lift / Roll-on/Roll-off Ships T-AKR Product Tankers T-AOT Troop Ships T-AP

在波斯湾战争期间，支持盟军所需的货物总货物中有95％被海上航行。美国公民海员船队的船员运送了近80％的海洋货物。这些船包括商业服务中的私人商船，特许船只和79艘准备队（RRF）船。在短时间内，有3,000多名平民海员自愿参加了RRF船的机组人员。但是在波斯湾战争期间，他们指定的截止日期无法准备好准备的储备金中有75％，这主要是因为船只的恶劣条件和机组人员问题。

In 1992, the Department of Defense (DOD) recommended spending almost $4 billion over 7 years to purchase more ships for the RRF and improve their readiness. The Mobility Requirements Study recommended that by 1999 the RRF consist of 142 ships, 63 of which would be kept in a high-priority readiness status. Of these 63 ships, 36 would need to be able to activate in 4 days and 27 would have to be ready in 5 days. However, the pool of U.S. merchant mariners available to crew RRF ships has been steadily declining for several decades. The decline in the number of available mariners should not immediately affect MarAd's ability to crew RRF ships. However, if the decline continues, MarAd's future ability to adequately crew these ships is questionable.

1992年，激活了三艘现成的储备金船只，以支持联合国在索马里的人道主义和维持和平行动。其中包括两个海上石油排放系统（OPDS）油轮，即美国鱼鹰和波托马克。TS帝国州通常用于纽约州海事学院的培训学生，被激活为遣返索马里的部队。

1994年，海事政府激活了14艘现成的储备金船只，这次支持行动支持海地的民主。这些船只将军事货物从美国的各个港口运送到海地港。所有人都由400多名美国平民海员的船员充分乘坐，并且在要求军方激活要求之前四天内运营。

1995年6月，激活了两艘现成的储备金，以支持波斯尼亚的北约维持和平工作。开普种族和开普钻石将超过92％的货物从英国转移到克罗地亚。其中包括2,015辆军车，232座集装箱和3,629托盘货物。1995年12月1日，开普敦竞赛再次被激活以支持波斯尼亚的北约活动，这次是为了支持快速努力。一个姐妹，斗篷的崛起也被召唤。

Maritime Security Fleet

The Maritime Security Program maintains a U.S.-flag merchant fleet crewed by U.S. mariners to serve both the commercial and national security needs of the United States. In accordance with the Maritime Security Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-239), the Department of Transportation's Maritime Administration (MARAD) entered into agreements with 10 shipping companies to participate in a program that would provide the Department of Defense (DOD) access to U.S.-registered commercial ships, their crews, and other related transportation assets in a time of national emergency. Maritime Security Program payments are paid to vessels operating in U.S. foreign commerce. Vessels include containerships, lighter-aboard ships (LASH) and Roll-on/Roll-off vessels (RO/RO). As of January 23, 1997, 47 ships were enrolled in the program. The MSF program replaces the Operating Differential Subsidy (ODS) program, which reimbursed American shipowners for cost differentials associated with operating under U.S. versus foreign registry, including higher crew, insurance, maintenance, and repair costs. The MSF program, in contrast, provides a reduced fixed rate to compensate U.S.-flag operators principally for the higher cost of employing U.S. citizens aboard U.S.-flag ships.

Voluntary Intermodal Shipping - VISA

自愿的国际运输协议是一项新倡议，旨在使商业，联运，干货物产能和支持可满足国防部应急部署要求的全球基础设施。签证以美国空军民用储备机队（CRAF）计划为模型，将允许承运人在三个阶段提供船只和训练有素的船员，这取决于意外事件的严重性和预期持续时间。Visa要求海事管理局，美国运输司令部，海军军事密封司令部和美国多式联运海洋航空公司行业进行全面和集成的和平时期的计划和练习。

来源和资源

一般会计办公室关于SealIft计划的报告ReportsReports
JP 4-01.2，JTTP，用于SealIft支持联合操作, 9 October 1996, [PDF Size = 731K, and well worth the wait]
Maritime Prepositioning Force 2010 and Beyond海军陆战队概念文件30 Dec 1997
Seabased Logistics海军陆战队概念文件June 1998
Prepo Fapoath：电力投影的关键by Kim A. RichardsArmy Logistician1998年1月
Crisis in Strategic SealiftLieutenant Stephen P. Ferris, USNRArmy Logistician1995年3月
Army Prepositioning Afloat准将罗伯特·A·奇尔科特（Robert A. Chilcoat）联合部队季刊Spring 1994 [392 kb PDF]
Phib Seabee Battlebook-1998年2月6日，第10次交通营（航站楼）
MARITIME ADMINISTRATOR CLYDE J. HART, JR.SUBCOMMITTEE ON COAST GUARD AND MARITIME TRANSPORTATION U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES -- SEPTEMBER 24, 1998
1999财政年度海事管理授权约翰·E·格雷科夫斯基（John E.
海上介绍船军事密封命令新闻发布1997年12月22日 - 船只是永久性的，这意味着中队在任何一个位置都没有永久存在。
Bayship Management (BSM)1998年9月10日联邦调查局国家出版社——四年国家秘密调查allegations of fraud, kickbacks, and false claims involving federal contracts with maritime companies for repairs of United States Navy ships has been concluded.
国防特征计划下的MSC奖项第一合同军事密封命令新闻发布04 Sep 1997 -- The $4.9 million fixed-price contract went to Hvide Van Ommeren Tankers of Stamford, Conn., for the installation and 25 years of maintenance of four refueling-at-sea stations on each of three commercial tankers presently under construction.
军事密封指挥介词
U.S. Maritime Administration
世界舰队名单：美国密封船
M.S.C. Shipbuilding Since 1980@ Colton＆Company
ARMY PRE-POSITIONED AFLOAT OPERATIONS陆军现场手册号FM 100-17-1 1996年7月27日
商船页面Bennie R. Hobbs
运输学院
海洋与造船部@ the Boilermakers Union
美国商船戒指
Other Marine Web Sites
自由船项目
US Surge Sealift Capabilities: A Question of SufficiencyDavid G. Harris and Richard D. StewartParameters，1998年春季，第67-83页。
美国陆军战争储备支持司令部
海上介词作用

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Sealift

Strategic Sealift Force

上空的介词力

1 - Maritime Prepositioning Ships (MPS)

2-战斗介绍船

3 - Logistics Prepositioning Ships

浪涌密封

Merchant Marine

国防军舰队

Ready Reserve Force (RRF)

Maritime Security Fleet

Voluntary Intermodal Shipping - VISA

来源和资源

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