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2S1 M-1974 Gvodzika（康乃馨）
122-mm Self-Propelled Howitzer

While the chassis of the 2S1 somewhat resembles that of the PT-76, it is essentially a new design, derived from the MT-LB chassis. The 2S1 has seven road wheels (versus six for either PT-76 or MT-LB) and no return rollers, with the drive sprocket at the front and the idler at the rear. As with the MT-LB, two different widths of track can be fitted, the wider tracks lowering the ground pressure and facilitating travel over soft terrain. The amphibious 2S1 is driven through the water by its tracks.

The boat-like hull contains the engine compartment at the right front and the driver's compartment at the left front, with the driver's hatch to the left of the gun tube. The fighting compartment in the rear of the hull is topped by a low-silhouette, rotating turret. Atop the all-welded turret are the commander's cupola (with single hatch cover) on the left and the loader's hatch on the right. The gunner, also located in the left side of the turret, has no hatch. The commander and driver have IR night sighting equipment, but there is no IR gunnery equipment. An interesting feature on the turret is the tear-drop shaped port cover on the left front near the gunner's position. The 2S1 has a direct fire sight besides its panoramic telescope. The vehicle is fitted with a collective NBC overpressure and filtration protective system.

安装在炮塔的圆形前部的长122毫米榴弹炮源自拖曳的122毫米榴弹炮D-30。双式枪口刹车与船体的前边缘齐平，钻孔撤离器位于管中部。

The 2S1 can be quickly distinguished from the 152-mm self-propelled howitzer 2S3 by the smaller turret and less massive gun on the 2S1. The 2S1 also has a single unit shield for the recoil-recuperator mechanism above the tube, while the 2S3 has two separate cylinders above the tube. Also, the tube of the 2S1 does not extend beyond the front of the vehicle, while the 2S3 tube does.

2S1在装备BMP的机动步枪团和一些坦克团的榴弹炮营中发现。由于它是经过跟踪和两栖的，因此具有与受支持的BMP和坦克保持同步所需的越野能力。它的最大范围为15,300米，也被广泛用于对装甲车辆或违反雷区和其他障碍物的直接火角色。

The vehicle has a relatively light weight of less than 1 6 metric tons, with a ground pressure of approximately 0.5 kg/cm². This enables it to operate in swamps and deep snow and also contributes to its amphibious capability. It is propelled by track drive in water as well as on land. The light weight and low profile also make air-lifting easier. The tightly sealed hull with its filtration system enables the 2S1 to operate in irradiated or contaminated zones as well as under heavy dust conditions. The turret is mounted with a ball-bearing race and has an electric drive for rapid traverse, although precise aiming is performed with a manual drive. A ramming mechanism speeds up the loading process, and fired cases are ejected automatically.

由于其重量轻，2S1仅为其四人船员提供轻微的装甲保护。

自从the 2S1 was seen in public for the first time in 1974, it also has been known under the provisional designation M1974. It also has been referred to as SP-74 and SAU-122. Although the 2S1 has been variously referred to as a gun, a gun-howitzer, or a howitzer, the Soviet press called it a howitzer. Its introduction coincided with the expansion of the Soviet motorized rifle regiment's artillery battery to a battalion and with the introduction of the ACRV M1974, which is associated with self-propelled artillery units. The self-propelled howitzer 2S1 provided the Soviet Army with highly mobile firepower that fit neatly into its doctrine of the offensive. It also was found in some non-Soviet Warsaw Pact armies.

来源和方法

• 2S1 122毫米SP榴弹炮by Mike Galope
• 2S1 122毫米SP榴弹炮由Marat Kenzhetaev @ Mipt

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