连接的补充

Information Sheet Number: 2.12

INTRODUCTION

美国海军在长海洋距离上投射海力的能力取决于长期维持海上船舶的能力。这是通过能够补充船只来完成的

underway. Requirements for fuel and food require warships to go alongside the replenishment ships at regular intervals. It requires special shiphandling skills to conn a ship alongside during such evolutions.

REFERENCES

(a) NWP 14 (Rev D) Replenishment at Sea

(b) Naval Shiphandling, Crenshaw

（c）舰队补充指南

（d）观看官员指南

(e) SORM (OPNAVINST 3120.32C)

(f) Surface Ship Operations (NAVEDTRA 10776)

信息

答：设置：

1.ORDERS TO THE HELM/LEE HELM:

A。在连接的补给（CONREP）演变中，最好通过给舵手提供指导而不是舵命令来控制船只的头部。

(1) Giving rudder orders is attempting to do the helmsman's job and could be dangerous at the close ranges used during CONREPS.

b。Speed Changes - State the exact number of revolutions/pitch desired rather than telling the Lee Helm to add or drop revolutions.

C。Both the helmsman and after steering helmsman (after steersman) must be qualified as Master Helmsman in accordance with the applicable Personnel Qualification Standard

(PQS).

2.到达等待站之前：

A。转向控制将以飞行员房和各种操作模式进行检查

after steering. Steering checks are a Planned Maintenance System (PMS) requirement and will

b。Gyro error will be determined and the operability of the standby gyro and associated alarms will be tested.

C。Personnel assigned to steering control stations will be PQS qualified.

d。Watch station personnel substitutions will be kept to a minimum.

e。Training should be conducted with qualified supervision only.

F。专用S/P电话电路来运输控制功能。转向后，应不断了解。

g. Rehearse procedures for man overboard.

H。转移到主要控制中受到限制的操纵伤亡控制程序。

我。验证电台数据并提取从《大西洋/太平洋舰队补充指南》中提取所需的体积计输入。确定您的船补货站与另一艘船的补货站的关系。

B.等候站/救生站：

1.需要等待站(300 - 500 t的码倒车he ship alongside for replenishment) or Lifeguard station (1,000 yards astern of the delivery ship) as ordered in accordance with ATP1(C) Vol II. Waiting station is usually assigned to that ship which is "next in line" for replenishment during extended CONREP operations. Lifeguard Station is the station taken

by the ship which is assigned to recover any person who falls overboard from the ships engaged

in CONREP. This ship will often be the last to conduct replenishment. When in close proximity to a CV/CVN/LHD/LHA, vigilance is the key. Expect the unexpected. The conning officer can

begin to rehearse the approach while in either of these stations.

2.确定等于交货船的路线和速度所需的确切路线和速度。

3. Observe other ships alongside to see how they are riding. Conditions might dictate that a wider approach than normal would be prudent.

4. Attempt to get into a position for a parallel approach.

5. Display appropriate flaghoist.

C. Conrep期间使用的标志信号：

Several flags have special meanings when displayed on the control and approach ship during an

Underway Replenishment (UNREP) or CONREP evolution. It is possible to conduct a complete

replenishment using only flag hoist signals. Ships often practice these "silent UNREPS," and the conning officer must recognize and understand the flag signals associated with them.

1.ROMEO - indicates readiness and is displayed on the side rigged for replenishment operations.

在DIP Control船上 - 在罗密欧课程和速度上稳定，并准备在这边接您。

Approach Ship - Am ready to come alongside you on this side.

封闭的控制船 - 准备好您的方法了。

Approach Ship - Am commencing my approach.

Hauled Down Both Ships - Messenger is in hand (not the shotline).

2.BRAVO - indicates handling of fuel, explosives or inflammable material.

在两艘船的蘸酱中 - 暂时停止了供应。

Closed up Both Ships - Fuel, explosive or inflammable materials are being transferred.

两艘船都拖下来 - 交货完成。

3.制备佳肴（准备） - 仅在接收船上显示，以告知在等待站的送货船和船舶的状态。

At the dip Expect to disengage the final station in 15 minutes

Closed up Transfer complete - am disengaging final station

拖拉所有线很清楚。

D.开始方法：

1.Objective - arrive abreast of the supply ship on a parallel course and speed at a convenient but safe distance.

2.最实用的方法与所需距离处的另一艘船的唤醒平行。这种方法也是最安全的，因为它使骗子有机会不断检查该方法的准确性。

3. Radian规则：

A。通过将Radian度量的数学定义应用于造船问题，Conning官员可以有效利用陀螺仪中继器和轴承圆圈，以计算海上对象的这两个距离，并使课程驱动以通过导航危险。当与三分钟规则结合使用时，Radian规则为站点保持在“海员的眼睛”形成的基础。

b。规则：

（1）Radian规则定义如下：

D / 60 = S / A where D = DISTANCE IN YARDS

S = LATERAL SEPARATION IN YARDS

A =度的角度差

在以下段落中，我们将考虑使用“海岸 - 纳入方法”进行CONREP方法的实际使用。Radian规则的其他用途将在本课程结束时讨论。记住规则并查看应用程序，以便您可以使用它来安全，聪明地操纵船。

C。Coast-in Method of Underway Replenishment Approach.

（1）您是参加地中海北约练习的FFG的伙伴。今天，您计划从马耳他南部爱奥尼亚海的Ranier（AOE-7）中加油。在计划您的方法时，您决定与Ranier的一侧保持90英尺的距离，以促进钻机的连接。目前，您在补给课程和速度上保持稳定，在Ranier港口区域深处。两艘船上的旗帜“罗密欧”均已关闭。假设您能够在操纵过程中与ranier保持90英尺的分离，并使用陀螺式中继器和轴承圆圈，则可以计算出与补给型课程相距2度的轴承，如果轴承到轴承的轴承，则可以计算出距离的距离。图2.11-1以图形方式显示了这种情况。如果补给路线为000吨，而油器的侧面则为358吨，则角度差为2度。重新安排方程式后，我们可以将Radian规则写为：

D = 60 x S / A and in this case: S = 90 ft = 30 yds and A = 2 degrees

So, D = 60 x 30 / 2 = 1800 / 2 = 900 yds

此外，您可以在接近期间继续检查范围，因为他与油器的侧面变化相切。随着该角度变为容易分为1800的其他值，您可以快速计算距离（例如，当角度达到6度时，距离等于1800 /6 = 300码）。

4. When ready, the Conning Officer, on the engaged wing of the bridge, increases speed and begins the approach.

A。Using the "coast in method" the approach ship will be moving into station at least five knots faster than the speed of the control ship.

b。Keep about 5 yards of open water between wakes to ensure a parallel approach.

C。精读官米ay now use the radian rule to check the approach.

(1) At 900 yards the supply ship's side should bear 2 degrees from "R" course.

（2）在600码处，供应船的一侧应距“ R”课程3度。

(3) At 300 yards the supply ship's side should bear 6 degrees from "R" course.

d。下降速度以匹配补充速度的距离，这将使您沿着车站沿线海岸。

（1）随着速度下降，请仔细观察船舶的速度指示器。

(2) Practice will determine when to drop to replenishment speed.

5.注意文丘里效应。

A。When underway, there are areas of decreased water pressure (suction) amidships and increased water pressure at the bow and stern as the result of the differences in velocity of the flow of water around the hull.

b。When ships are alongside each other underway, this Venturi effect is increased and becomes further complicated because of intermingling of the pressure areas.

C。随着船舶的速度的增加，文丘里的效应随着船只之间的距离而增加，并且随着水的深度减小。

d。避免将弓指向重叠点的供应船，否则您的弓将被文丘里（Venturi）效应吸入。

E.在旁边维护站：

1.Final Positioning:

A。必须保持足够的距离，以确保可以通过安全性和效率来完成补给。适当的距离取决于：

(1) Wind and sea conditions.

(2) Size and type of ships.

（3）船只在旁边操纵的能力。

(4) Type of transfer rig.

(5) Depth of water.

(6) Replenishment speed.

(7) Sheer Currents.

b。大多数使用燃油流钻机的船只的正常距离为80至180英尺，对于货运蒸汽钻机80至200英尺。

C。不维持适当距离的一些可能危害包括：

(1) Ships steaming too close:

（a）限制可操作性。

(b) Increases the probability of collision.

（c）增加船只之间的湍流。

(2) Ships steaming too far apart:

(a) Puts undue strain on rigs.

(b) Causes decrease in transfer rates.

d。骗局应使用电话/距离线来测量船只之间的横向分离。这条线每20英尺具有彩色标记，并被倾斜以确保保持适当的张力。

e。有两种有效的方法可用于维护船只的适当前/船尾定位。其中首先是将供应船上的两个立柱或其他物体排列（例如天线，支柱或UNREP站的王者），并观察其相对运动。第二个是使用电台保存设备（由黑色背景上的白色三角形组成，当船位正确时将完全可见）。

(1) The conning officer must be alert for trends in ship's movement which indicate that fore/aft positioning is incorrect, but should not constantly change course or speed for minor variations in position. Slight variation is to be expected and attempting to correct it will result in overcompensating.

F。Conning官员正在不断监视电话/距离线，前/后的定位，陀螺仪中继器和舵角指示器中继器。

g. The conning officer should never watch the ship on the opposite side of the delivery ship as vertigo and disorientation may develop.

F. OTHER KEY BRIDGE PERSONNEL:

1.The Ship Control Safety Officer (Helm Safety Officer) - ensures the helmsman and lee helmsman acknowledge and comply with all orders from the conning officer.

2.课程/速度状态委员会守护者 - 维持状态委员会，以帮助骗子召回掌舵或李·赫尔姆的最后命令。

3. Phone talkers - maintain communications between the bridge and UNREP stations and the bridge and the delivery ship's bridge.

4. Relay Officer - stationed between the wing of bridge and helm/lee helm to ensure proper relay of commands when amplified communication between the conning officer and the helm console is not possible.

A。Not necessary if a sound powered headset/handset is set up on bridge wing.

G. INFORMATION RECEIVED/ISSUED BY THE OOD DURING UNREP:

1.Status of the Rigs:

A。OOD被告知何时被挂钩，何时被打破。

（1）电台将要求OOD许可以张力或驱逐补货钻机。

b。After giving permission, the OOD is informed when the rigs are tensioned/detensioned - In no case should the ships be closer than 140 feet when rigs are tensioned. (IAW NWP-14)

（1）Conning官员应在张紧/脱位钻机之前提醒舵手，因为张力/脱位可能会导致船舶偏航，并且重要的是，Helmsman对维持有序的过程的预期会产生这种效果。

C。The OOD is kept informed as to the status of the replenishment, including such items of information as:

(1) How many loads have been received at each station.

（2）每个车站收到了多少燃料。

（a）加油站将要求允许开始抽水并进行排污/倒退。

H. BREAKING AWAY:

1.Display appropriate flaghoist - the receiving ship will display the PREPARATIVE pennant (Prep) as previously discussed.

2.改变路线和速度 - 接收船通常会改变路线和速度以清除交货船。

A。听到报告“所有线都是明确的”，骗局应该：

(1) Check that all lines are in fact clear.

(2) Increase speed moderately (3-5 kts) and clear ahead.

（3）以两到四度的小额增量直接舷外。

（4）在更改路线之前，请确保所有电线都清除水，以免弄脏螺钉。

(5) Refrain from major course changes and rudder orders until well clear of delivery ship so as to avoid swinging the stern into the other ship.

I.紧急脱离：

1.作为加速的正常脱离进行紧急分离（在第5单元中详细说明了该过程）。该目的是在不损坏钻机，船或人员的情况下快速脱离接触。声音听起来有五幅短爆炸声，并在1MC上传递了一句话（例如。

2.精读官米ust attempt to maintain station until all lines are clear.在任何情况下，接收船都不会断开张力的Spanwire。The delivery ship will detension all rigs as quickly as possible, and if necessary will allow hoses and wires to run into the water in order to clear all lines (this is avoided if possible since wires may foul the screws, but may be preferable to parting a tensioned spanwire). No attempt is made to clear fluid from the hoses in an emergency breakaway.

3. If a collision is unavoidable, an attempt should be made to reduce the fore/aft relative movement between ships when they hit and to hit at as wide an angle as possible (ie. the ships as near to parallel as possible) in order to reduce damage.

A。一眼的打击比沿着船只侧面刮擦的打击要好。

J. ADDITIONAL USES OF THE RADIAN RULE:

1. Radian规则先前被讨论为进行conrep方法的工具，还有其他应用程序。以下段落包含了Radian规则使用的几个示例。

A。Station Keeping:

（1）您是Conning官员，晚上与大西洋任务组60.2一起蒸煮，并绑定到直布罗陀和地中海部署。任务组指挥官已命令所有船只在所有雷达上保持严格的EMCON沉默。但是，允许船只随机间隔与SPS-55表面搜索雷达进行几次扫描（不超过每30分钟的频率）。

(2) Guide:

Your assigned station is on the starboard beam of the guide at 2000 yards. During your last few sweeps of the 55 Radar, you were able to determine that the range to the guide closed to 1800 yards over the last 30 minutes. Using the radian rule and the three minute rule, you can determine the course change required to regain station within three minutes. Formation speed is 20 knots.

The first step in this problem is to rearrange the Radian Rule such that

a = 60 s / d

where:

D = THE DISTANCE THAT THE GUIDE WILL TRAVEL IN THREE MINUTES

s =我们希望在同一三分钟内与向导远离指南的距离

A = THE ANGLE THAT WE MUST STEER OFF THE GUIDE'S COURSE TO END UP ON STATION AFTER THREE MINUTES.

注意：对于Conning官员来说，时间段可能是三分钟的任何倍数。在这种情况下，我们有：我们有：

A = 60 (200) / 2000 = 6 degrees

In other words, if we steer 6 degrees to the right of the guide's course, and hold that 6 degrees for three minutes before returning to the formation course, we will be on station (or slightly aft in bearing). The bearing may be easily corrected by a slight increase in speed once you return to formation course.

b。Range to a Contact at Sea:

（1）您是在波斯湾进行和平时期练习的DDG的骗子。作为您指定职责的一部分，您的船将遮蔽CIS Udaloy班级导弹驱逐舰Kharlamov海军上将，该导弹驱逐舰正在该地区进行OP。您没有辐射任何雷达。您经营的美国海军巡洋舰已命令您在海军上将哈拉莫夫的港口梁上维护车站。从您收到的英特尔摘要中，您还记得海军上将哈拉莫夫的长度约为180码（177码）。使用Radian规则，您对触点长度的了解，右舷机翼上的陀螺式中继器以及轴承圆来观察梁方面，您进行了以下计算，以确定到海军上将Kharlamov的当前范围。

D / 60 = S / A where D = RANGE TO CONTACT

S = APPROXIMATE LENGTH OF THE CONTACT

A = DIFFERENCE IN BEARING BETWEEN THE BOW AND STERN OF THE CONTACT

d = 60 x s / a

在这种情况下，d = 60 x（180） / 25 = 432码。

C。结论：

请记住，radian规则是一个近似值，其应用仅限于小角度（直线是圆形段的良好近似值）。知道局限性，Radian规则的效用是Conning官员的数学能力和想象力的函数。