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The Mojahedin-e Khalq (MEK), a leftist revolutionary group, was formed in 1963.
Its founding principles included the creation of a Marxist-oriented Islamic government in Iran; opposition to `imperialism' as supposedly embodied by the United States; opposition to Zionism and Israel; and a close affinity to Third World radical movements.
Its political philosophy put the MEK at the forefront of those Iranian opposition groups advocating the overthrow of the Shah and led to the MEK's strongly opposing the involvement of the United States in Iran. The MEK publicly supported the seizure of our Embassy in Tehran in 1979.
To achieve its political objectives, the MEK almost from its inception has engaged in acts of terrorism and violence; the organization was responsible for fatal attacks on several Americans in Iran in the 1970s.
自从1981年与霍梅尼政权失败以来，MEK一直与伊朗政府进行武装斗争，并采用了恐怖主义和政治暴力方法对伊朗官员。
MEK的军事派别,全国Liberation Army, operates from bases in Iraq and received Iraqi support for offensives into Iranian territory during the Iran-Iraq war. It continues to receive Iraqi support and protection.
REPRESENTATIVE OFFICE OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL OF RESISTANCE OF IRAN,
Washington, DC, February 27, 1992.
Hon. Lee H. Hamilton,
华盛顿特区欧洲和中东小组委员会主席。
Dear Representative Hamilton,I have recently learned that the United States Department of State has been sending a text entitled `Fact Sheet: The Mojahedin-e-Khalq, People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran' to those senators and representatives who have requested information on the Mojahedin, a member organization of the National Council of Resistance of Iran. This fact sheet, which I have enclosed for your information (Enclosure 1), unfortunately contains incomplete and inaccurate information. To clarify any questions in this regard, I draw your attention to the following text:
1. With regard to the Mojahedin's revolutionary nature, if the American and French peoples' struggles for their nations' freedom, independence and democracy (1776 and 1789) are considered revolutions, the Mojahedin are also revolutionaries. They are fighting for their nation's liberation from one of the most hated dictatorships of the contemporary era, and seek to establish peace and democracy in their homeland. The Mojahedin are revolutionary in the same sense as the people of Italy, who took up arms to save themselves from Mussolini's fascism.
Revolution and armed struggle, when all peaceful avenues to realize the people's fundamental rights have reached an impasse, are recognized as the only resort by all religious authorities, as noted in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, etc. In a noted press conference reported by the Vatican publicationL'Osservatore Romanoon April 5, 1986, Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, President of the Pontifical Biblical Commission, introduced a document entitled `Christian Liberty and Liberation,' wherein it is stated: `Armed struggle is the last resort to end blatant and prolonged repression which has seriously violated the fundamental rights of individuals and has dangerously damaged the general interests of a country.'
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2.莫哈海丁一直以最强的态度谴责恐怖主义（无论是群体还是国家）；尤其是，莫哈赫丁（Mojahedin）以最有记录和公众的方式在所有可能的机会中以最有记录和公众的方式暴露了霍梅尼政权的恐怖主义。
（外壳2）实际上，莫哈赫丁是伊朗和国外霍梅尼政权恐怖主义的受害者。在莫哈赫丁（Mojahedin）能够公开并正式在伊朗内部进行政治活动的时期，该组织的成员和支持者中有70多个被霍梅尼政权非正式地指导的恐怖分子谋杀。在国外，霍梅尼的外交恐怖主义者负责莫哈赫丁和国家抵抗委员会对各个国家的许多代表的伤害或暗杀。这些受害者包括瑞士NCR代表Kazem Rajavi教授和伊朗抵抗领导人Massoud Rajavi先生的兄弟。根据瑞士警察和调查裁判官的说法，拉贾维教授的谋杀案由13人携带伊朗正式服务护照。（外壳3）
The Mojahedin were obliged to choose armed struggle as the last avenue of confronting the Khomeini regime--a right officially recognized by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and all religious authorities--after exhausting all peaceful, democratic avenues to establish freedom and democracy in Iran; after all the organization's official, public centers had been closed down; after more than 70 Mojahedin supporters and members had been murdered for no reason, and 3,000 others arrested and subsequently executed without being charged; and finally, after the peaceful demonstration by 500,000 people, called by the Mojahedin on June 20, 1981, was turned into a bloodbath by the Khomeini regime, and groups of 50 and 100 of their supporters were subsequently executed集团for the `crime' of possessing newspapers. (Enclosure 4)
This struggle is conducted only against the regime's officials--who are responsible for the murder of 100,000 people and the imprisonment and torture of 150,000, as well as for international terrorism and hostage-taking--and suppressive forces.
术语“恐怖分子”或“恐怖主义方法”不能适用于这种抵抗，在任何情况下，这种抵抗都无法针对普通公民或无辜的平民。此外，即使就政权的官员而言，武装斗争也包含在伊朗边界内。在伊朗之外，莫哈赫丁（Mojahedin）尊重并尊重相关国家的法律，并将他们的斗争局限于政治活动和暴露。根据他们的领导人的立场和命令，尽管他们对这个政权感到愤怒，但拉贾维先生（尽管他们在伊朗之外都感到愤怒，但他们的支持者和普通的伊朗人仍未回应该政权的暴力和实物流血。（外壳5）
Mr. Rajavi has repeatedly declared that `from the Mojahedin's standpoint, no death--not even that of our suppressive enemies within the Khomeini regime--is to be welcomed in itself. It is even regrettable. Were it not for the Khomeini regime's blocking all avenues of peaceful political opposition and had it not
responded to any call for freedom with execution, the Resistance would not have been necessary.'
Furthermore, for years the Mojahedin's armed resistance has been carried out within the framework of the National Liberation Army of Iran, whose duty is to bring about the military overthrow of the Kohmeini regime. The specifics and methods of this army, consisting of tank, armored, artillery, mechanized and other units, are completely in line with the criteria outlined in the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949. The NLA is `commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates'; has `a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance'; carries arms `openly'; and conducts its `operations in accordance with the laws and customs of war.' These characteristics have been observed on numerous occasions by the international journalists and observers who have visited the NLA's garrisons.
因此，根据1949年的日内瓦公约，标签“恐怖分子”不能正确地应用于NLA，其战争被归类为古典。根据红十字国际委员会的规定，抵抗囚犯有资格，应被视为战俘。
3. The regime of the Shah was the first to brand the Mojahedin `Marxist.' A profoundly freedom-loving and democratic force, the Mojahedin fought against the Shah's regime only after perceiving that all avenues of peaceful political opposition had been closed. The label `Marxist' was applied to them for this reason, i.e. their opposition to the Shah. Of course, the Mojahedin were rightly known among a large sector of Iranian society as a Muslim force, and the Shah could not apply the label `Marxist' by itself. He therefore invented the label `Islamic Marxist' in reference to the Mojahedin.
霍梅尼和他的追随者遵循了沙阿的领导，在宣传外国消费的宣传中，将“伊斯兰马克思主义者”烙上烙印。具有讽刺意味的是，在伊朗，霍梅尼，塔德共产党（莫斯科的支持者）以及其他共产党成员和团体同时，标记了莫哈赫丁的“美国特工”。后一个标签促使这些人采取了这样的立场，即对摩雅海丁的敌意和战争是他们的基本职责（外壳6），甚至是在法国的1986年。埋葬前美国国旗的尸体。支持莫斯科和其他政治潮流的共产党人将成千上万的莫哈修的支持者和成员交给了科梅尼的execution子手。在野蛮酷刑之后，这些莫哈赫丁被处决。
In response to the charge that the Mojahedin are Marxist, Mr. Massoud Rajavi, Leader of the Iranian Resistance, told Time
magazine on September 14, 1981: `Every high school student knows believing in God, Jesus Christ and Muhammad is incompatible with the philosophy of Marxism. Everyone knows that, even Khomeini. But for dictators like Khomeini, `Marxist Islamic' is a very profitable phrase to use against any opposition. If Jesus Christ and Muhammad were alive and protesting against Khomeini, he would call them Marxists too.'
在另一次采访中，1984年12月20日，拉贾维（Rajavi）先生在《美国之声》广播电台的波尔西部分中说：私人投资。拉贾维（Rajavi）先生为国家抵抗理事会宣布的计划还指出，伊朗民主党伊斯兰共和国的临时政府将在霍梅尼政权推翻后六个月内管理该国的事务，尊重自由竞争，私有所有权和私人投资。
The reapplication of these labels in the current international situation and subsequent to the collapse of the Soviet Union and Eastern Block, and in relation to a movement which has millions of supporters throughout Iran, doesn't stick. In fact, it is due to the Mojahedin's faith in the modern and democratic Islam that they have been able to deeply influence Iranian society throughout their 27-year history, and to grow on a daily basis despite the Khomeini regime's savage killings and suppression. The Mojahedin's resilience, moreover, coincides with the demise of all the Marxist groups in Iran, who were eliminated within the first two years of Khomeini's rule.
From another perspective, the Mojahedin are the only real solution to the spreading fundamentalism of the criminal mullahs ruling Iran. The experience of past years has shown that the other political trends and solutions were incapable of opposing this regime, which, after centuries, had seized religious and political power in one of the world's most strategic regions. In this region, which is profoundly Islamic in nature, only a democratic and modern Islam, represented in Iran by the Mojahedin, could and can counteract the spector of fundamentalism. In the name of Islam, this fundamentalist phenomenon perpetrates unprecedented bloodshed and killings. The Mojahedin's Islam, in contrast, bears a message of co-existence, democracy, peace, and mercy.
4.在具体处理的费用anti-American, or anti any country, contained in the fact sheet, I should state that the documents and declared programs of the Mojahedin and NCR are sufficiently clear. If the writers of this fact sheet had obtained these documents, they would perhaps have referred to them in their fact sheet. For example, Mr. Rajavi states in introducing the Program of the National Council of Resistance of Iran: `We have no enmity toward any country, and seek amicable and respectful
相互关系，只要他们认识到我们国家的独立性，自由和领土完整。”
至于当前中东的差异和冲突，NCR及其所有成员都支持和平会议，并希望该问题能够解决该问题，在该地区建立和平与稳定，并且没有动荡的根源或危机，本质上是因为霍梅尼政权是任何区域战争或动荡的主要受益人。
Elsewhere, Mr. Rajavi has said that contrary to Khomeini's regime, Iran's future government will not be anti-Western `since such hostility in reality embraces the backward ideas of the Middle Ages.' Mr. Rajavi has also pointed out Iran's technical, economic, scientific, cultural, and artistic needs in relation to Western countries, adding that rather than being anti-western, the Mojahedin seek equal and independent relations.
十多年来，莫贾海丁在美国和大多数西欧国家都保持了积极的影响，他们在那里对相关官员和议员的经济和政治计划进行了广泛的规模。此外，在各个议员中，包括大量国会议员，对这些计划有重大支持。（外壳8）
However, with regard to the Shah's reign, the Shah was hated by the people of Iran for his dictatorship and his crimes. Unfortunately, the United States, due to its incorrect information on and analysis of the socio-political situation in Iran, actively supported the Shah until the last months of his reign. In consequence, anti-Americanism was widespread among the Iranian public. Under the circumstances, the Mojahedin naturally did not agree with such U.S. support, which was neither in the interests of Iran's people, nor of regional peace and stability.
霍梅尼利用公众的情绪suppress and execute the Mojahedin, and his regime continues to do so. The Mojahedin, from the outset, had consistently declared that the primary enemies of the Iranian people were the Khomeini regime, fundamentalism and religious retrogression. In order to eliminate democratic freedoms, Khomeini and the supporters of Moscow were demagogically telling the people that their primary enemy was American imperialism.
It is regrettable that positions occasionally adopted by the State Department against this Resistance, which has sacrificed 100,000 execution victims for the freedom of its homeland, have thwarted our efforts to expose the suppressive objectives behind the Khomeini regime's anti-Americanism. Ultimately, the only result has been to enhance pessimism among the Iranian people.
The taking of American diplomats hostage in Tehran, an act which the fact sheet unfortunately claims the Mojahedin supported, had but one objective: the suppression of opposition, and in particular of the Mojahedin, under the guise of `struggle against America.' Indeed, not only were the Mojahedin not supportive of or involved in the taking of American hostages, they were the primary victims of the incident.
Rajavi先生在ABC电视台在1984年10月29日进行的一次采访中说：因此，我可以说，不仅关于这场[人质]危机，而且还关乎霍梅尼的温暖政策，国际恐怖活动以及他的抑制措施，我们希望他们不会[]发生。这些都是反对伊朗人和反对民主的。”
As for the participation of the Mojahedin in the assassinations of several Americans in Iran, it should be recalled that the Mojahedin Organization had carried out no military operations prior to the arrest of all of its leaders in August 1971. All of the Mojahedin's leaders were executed by the Shah, with the single exception of Mr. Rajavi, who was sentenced to life imprisonment due to the international activities and intervention of Amnesty International and a number of Western public figures, including President Francois Mitterrand. Mr. Rajavi remained incarcerated, along with the other leading figures of the Mojahedin, until January 1979.
关于确实离开监狱的莫哈赫丁成员，许多人随后透露他们是马克思主义者，后来以“ Peykar dar dar azadi tabageh Kargar”的名字命名（在工作的道路上挣扎班级的自由'），利用所有领导人和大多数莫哈赫丁成员的监禁来渗透该组织。这些人随后以残酷的方式谋杀了许多莫哈赫丁成员，并上演了内部政变，暂时摧毁了伊朗人民的莫哈赫丁组织。（外壳9）
After the anti-monarchic revolution which toppled the Shah, the Mojahedin, recently released from prison, were able to rebuild the organization. By exposing Khomeini's backward nature, the Mojahedin managed to attract widespread support among various sectors of Iranian society. Many of these supporters were later to become members of the organization, and currently are included on its 837-member Central Council.
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5.莫哈修（Mojahedin）和民族解放军与伊拉克的关系是基于彼此内部事务的不干预。NLA的主要愿望是在伊朗土壤上，在那里它将能够进行军事行动和效力
在国内侵犯了所有基本，基本人权的政权的推翻，并出口了恐怖主义，原教旨主义和在国外暖和，从而破坏了该地区的和平，稳定和宁静。（外壳10）
NLA由伊朗人民资助。伊朗商人为莫贾海丁的贡献，以及该组织的支持者在各个国家的大型示威证明了这一支持。此外，该运动的一些财政资源是通过国民抵抗理事会的商业企业获得的。NLA的武器基本上是在解放战争中针对霍梅尼政权的，在此期间被视为战利品。Khomeni政权常规军队的许多成员加入了NLA。他们对抵抗运动的忠诚，除了证明NLA在热爱自由的伊朗军人中的知名度和支持，还为该部队提供了必要的人员，武器和专业知识。
Mr. Hamilton, I am hopeful that the above text has clarified and responded to the allegations leveled in the enclosed fact sheet. I respectfully request that as Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East, you forward a copy of this letter to the State Department in order to clarify these issues. I further request that this response be published in the Congressional Record to better inform members of the House and Senate regarding the Mojahedin and the Iranian people's Resistance. Particularly at this sensitive and decisive state, the unity of democratic freedom-loving, and anti-fundamentalist forces vis-a-vis the trend towards fundamentalism and Khomeini's medieval outlook in the Middle East and other Muslim countries, is essential.
真挚地，
Dr. Masoud Banisadr,
U.S. Representative.
外交委员会
Washington, DC, March 2, 1992.
The Hon. James A. Baker III,
华盛顿特区国务卿国务卿。
Dear Mr. Secretary, I我知道，我了解的事实说明书是由国务院准备的有关伊朗国家抵抗委员会的伊朗人民组织以及该组织对该事实说明书的回应的。
I would appreciate your detailed response to the comments of the organization as well as the State Department's policy today on meeting with representatives of this organization and the reason for that policy.
I asked the organization for their rebuttal to your fact sheet and they provided in addition to the attached letter backup documents which are available to you if you want or need them.
Thank you for your consideration of this matter.
With best regards,
真挚地，
Lee H. Hamilton,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East.
U.S. Department of State,
Washington, DC, April 2, 1992.
The Hon. Lee H. Hamilton,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East.
Dear Mr. Chairman:感谢您的3月2日的来信，致信贝克秘书，您要求我们回应伊朗人民摩雅哈海组织（PMOI）Masoud Banisadr博士（PMOI）的索赔，该组织在该组织上包含不准确的情况。。您还要求解释国务院不与PMOI的代表或其政治部门的国家抵抗理事会会面的政策。
We have carefully reviewed the fact sheet and found it to be an accurate description of the PMOI's history and ideology. Founded in 1963, the PMOI's platform blended Islamic ideology with Marxist tenets, including the collectivization of economic interests and opposition to capitalism. As described in Ervand Abrahamian's book The Iranian Mojahedin, the PMOI has `tried to synthesize the religious message of Shiism with the social science of Marxism.' While any shorthand description of a complex ideology requires simplification, the generalization is reasonable.
Our opposition to the group, however, stems not from its political ideologyper sebut from its use of terrorism and its aim of seeking the violent overthrow of the current Iranian regime. Just as we deplore the excesses and harsh reaction of the Iranian regime to political opposition, we do not condone the use of terror and violence in turn by the Mojahedin or any other opposition group. Contrary to Dr. Banisadr's allegations, the PMOI has advocated the use of violence since its inception. In the 1970s, for example, the PMOI received training and support from the Palestine Liberation Organization, and current PMOI leader Masoud Rajavi fought alongside Palestinians in Jordan during `Black September' in 1970.
历史记录清楚地表明，与沙阿政府相关的“帝国主义”和“资本主义”部队的反对包括对美国利益的直接和暴力攻击。1973年，PMOI暗杀了伊朗的美国军事顾问刘易斯·霍金斯中校。1975年，PMOI恐怖分子在德黑兰开枪杀死了两名美国空军官员。同年，针对美国大使馆的PMOI袭击导致当地雇员死亡。1976年，PMOI暗杀了罗克韦尔国际（Rockwell International）在伊朗工作的三名美国雇员。
The PMOI's claim that the organization is not responsible for actions carried out while its leaders were incarcerated is a facile one. It is true that some of the assassinations were carried out by avowedly Marxist members of the organization, who in 1975 split from the `Muslim' wing which included current PMOI leaders. However, there is no indication that the incarcerated PMOI leadership objected to the terrorism carried out in its name. Given the organization's strong anti-U.S. sentiment at the time, it would have been uncharacteristic for its leaders to denounce acts against what the PMOI viewed as an `imperialist' power affiliated with the Shah. Only in the past few years has the PMOI sought to distance itself from these acts of terrorism.
在同一背景下，班萨德尔博士的说法是，PMOI是1979年11月的美国大使馆收购的受害者，忽略了PMOI支持美国人质的事实。直到1981年，莫哈海丁才公开加入对霍梅尼政权的反对。分裂是由于意识形态上的差异，而不是因为美国人质的问题而造成的。
In 1984, the group's leaders fled to Paris, where they established a presence until expelled by French authorities in 1986. Since 1986, the PMOI and its military wing, the National Liberation Army, have been based in Iraq. The PMOI and NLA continue to receive support and financial assistance from Saddam Hussein's government.
我们不争论萨德尔的断言被th博士e Islamic Republic has routinely tortured, executed, and assassinated PMOI members. We have made clear, in our public statements and in our annual human rights report, that such actions violate all norms of international behavior. Indeed, we have cited the assassination of political opponents abroad, including that of Dr. Kazem Rajavi, as an example of Iranian state-sponsored terrorism. This does not, however, justify the PMOI's own use of violence either against Iranian government officials or, as in the past, U.S. interests and citizens.
我希望这回答了你的问题。为了进一步研究PMOI的历史和意识形态，我会推荐您Ervand Abrahamian's伊朗莫哈赫丁(Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1989).
真挚地，
Janet Mullins,
立法事务助理秘书。
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